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  • 初中7年级(下册)平面直角坐标系(提高)知识讲解.doc

    平面直角坐标系(提高)知识讲解【学习目标】1.理解平面直角坐标系概念,能正确画出平面直角坐标系.2.能在平面直角坐标系中,根据坐标确定点,以及由点求出坐标,掌握点的坐标特征.3.由数轴到平面直角坐标系,渗透类比的数学思想. 【要点梳理】要点一、有序数对定义:把有顺序的两个数a与b组成的数对,叫做有序数对,记作(a,b).要点诠释:有序,即两个数的位置不能随意交换,(a,b)与(b,a)顺序不同,含义就不同,如电影院的座位是6排7号,可以写成(6,7)的形式,而(7,6)则表示7排6号.要点二、平面直角坐标系及点的坐标的概念1. 平面直角坐标系在平面内画两条互相垂直、原点重合的数轴就组成平面直角坐标系.水平的数轴称为x轴或横轴,习惯上取向右为正方向;竖直的数轴称为y轴或纵轴,取向上方向为正方向,两坐标轴的交点为平面直角坐标系的原点(如图1).要点诠释:平面直角坐标系是由两条互相垂直且有公共原点的数轴组成的.2. 点的坐标 平面内任意一点P,过点P分别向x轴、y轴作垂线,垂足在x轴、y轴上对应的数a,b分别叫做点P的横坐标、纵坐标,有序数对(a,b)叫做点P的坐标,记作:P(a,b),如图2.要点诠释:(1)表示点的坐标时,约定横坐标写在前,纵坐标写在后,中间用,隔开.1(2)点P(a,b)中,|a|表示点到y轴的距离;|b|表示点到x轴的距离.(3) 对于坐标平面内任意一点都有唯一的一对有序数对(x,y)和它对应,反过来对于任意一对有序数对,在坐标平面内都有唯一的一点与它对应,也就是说,坐标平面内的点与有序数对是一一对应的.要点三、坐标平面1. 象限建立了平面直角坐标系以后,坐标平面就被两条坐标轴分成如图所示的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个部分,分别叫做第一象限、第二象限、第三象限和第四象限,如下图.要点诠释:(1)坐标轴x轴与y轴上的点(包括原点)不属于任何象限.(2)按方位来说:第一象限在坐标平面的右上方,第二象限在左上方,第三象限在左下方,第四象限在右下方.2. 坐标平面的结构 坐标平面内的点可以划分为六个区域:x轴,y轴、第一象限、第二象限、第三象限、第四象限. 这六个区域中,除了x轴与y轴有一个公共点(原点)外,其他区域之间均没有公共点.要点四、点坐标的特征1.各个象限内和坐标轴上点的坐标符号规律要点诠释:(1)对于坐标平面内任意一个点,不在这四个象限内,就在坐标轴上.(2)坐标轴上点的坐标特征:x轴上的点的纵坐标为0;y轴上的点的横坐标为0.(3)根据点的坐标的符号情况可以判断点在坐标平面上的大概位置;反之,根据点在坐标平面上的位置也可以判断点的坐标的符号情况.2.象限的角平分线上点坐标的特征第一、三象限角平分线上点的横、纵坐标相等,可表示为(a,a);第二、四象限角平分线上点的横、纵坐标互为相反数,可表示为(a,-a).3.关于坐标轴对称的点的坐标特征P(a,b)关于x轴对称的点的坐标为 (a,-b);P(a,b)关于y轴对称的点的坐标为 (-a,b);P(a,b)关于原点对称的点的坐标为 (-a,-b).4.平行于坐标轴的直线上的点2平行于x轴的直线上的点的纵坐标相同;平行于y轴的直线上的点的横坐标相同.【典型例题】类型一、有序数对表示位置1.如图是小刚的一张笑脸,他对妹妹说:如果我用(0,2)表示左眼,用(2,2)表示右眼,那么嘴的位置可以表示成(   ).A.(1,0)B.(-1,0) C.(-1,1) D.(1,-1) 【思路点拨】由(0,2)表示左眼,用(2,2)表示右眼,可以确定平面直角坐标系中x轴与y轴的位置,从而可以确定嘴的位置.【答案】A.【解析】解:根据(0,2)表示左眼,用(2,2)表示右眼,可得嘴的坐标是(1,0),故答案为A.【总结升华】此题考查了坐标确定位置,由已知条件正确确定坐标轴的位置是解决本题的关键.类型二、平面直角坐标系与点的坐标的概念2.有一个长方形ABCD,长为5,宽为3,先建立一个平面直角坐标系,在此坐标系下求出A,B,C,D各点的坐标. 【答案与解析】解:本题答案不唯一,现列举三种解法.解法一:以点A为坐标原点,边AB所在的直线为x轴,边AD所在直线为y轴,建立平面直角坐标系,如图(1):A(0,0),B(5,0),C(5,3),D (0,3). 解法二:以边AB的中点为坐标原点,边AB所在的直线为x轴,AB的中点和CD的中点所在的直线为y轴,建立平面直角坐标系,如图(2):A(﹣2.5,0),B(2.5,0),C(2.5,3),D (-2.5,3). 解法三:以两组对边中点所在直线为x轴、y轴,建立平面直角坐标系,如图(3):A(﹣2.5,-1.5),B(2.5,-1.5),C(2.5,1.5),D (-2.5,1.5).

    上传时间:2023-04-30 页数:6

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    上传时间:2023-06-11 页数:1

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